Sand boils created in the
January 6, 2001 Bhuj, India earthquake (moment magnitude 7.6).
Such features are caused by soil losing its internal cohesion
(friction between soil particles) during the strong shaking of a
large earthquake, a process called liquefaction.
During liquefaction, the soil settles (consolidates),
and extracted water may be forced to the surface. In sand boils,
expelled water caries sand particles with it to the surface through
volcano-like vents that may cover large areas with sand (sand boils
are also called sand volcanoes). Liquefaction can
also cause foundation failure during earthquakes as soil consolidates,
and is a serious hazard in seismic regions with sandy or other porous
soils. Ancient sand boil features, for example in exposed channel
banks of the Pacific Northwest, are indicators of prehistoric strong
shaking. Before sand boils were understood, some fossil examples
were conjectured to be preserved animals burrows! The largest of
the Bhuj boils shown is approximately 2 m in diameter.
[ Photo by C.P. Rajendran; reproduced from the cover of Seismological
Research Letters, July/August, 2002.]
For more information: Soil
Liquefaction Web Site at the University of Washington
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